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cross-sectional

Socioeconomic inequality in any tobacco use versus current smoking across 66 DHS countries: Indirect implications for smokeless tobacco and oral cancer prevention.

Tong Y, Li H, Li X, Wan M, Zhou P, He J, Ming K · Tobacco induced diseases, 2026

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Researchers analyzed tobacco use patterns across 66 countries and found that when smokeless tobacco is included alongside smoking, health inequality becomes worse for poorer populations. This suggests smokeless tobacco disproportionately affects lower-income groups more than smoking alone does.

Relevance to India: Highly relevant, as smokeless tobacco use is widespread in South and Southeast Asia and is a major cause of oral cancer in these regions.

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