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meta-analysis

Patterns and implications of co-use between vaping and hallucinogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Heshmati J, Grover K, Mahmoodianfard S, Rashwan A, Sediqi A, Mir H · Addictive behaviors, 2026

e-cigarette

A comprehensive analysis of 11 studies found that people who use hallucinogens are approximately 4.5 times more likely to also use e-cigarettes. The researchers suggest these behaviors may share common social and environmental risk factors, though more research is needed to understand the exact relationship.

Relevance to India: None stated.