Nontobacco Nicotine in Orthopaedic Surgery: Current Knowledge and Limitations of Database Investigations.
Researchers examined how non-tobacco nicotine products like e-cigarettes and nicotine pouches affect bone and surgical healing. While laboratory studies suggest nicotine may interfere with healing, real-world evidence in patients is unclear due to poor data quality and inability to distinguish between traditional smokers and exclusive nicotine product users.
Relevance to India: None stated.