Changes in human biomarkers of exposure after complete switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes or exclusive e-cigarette use: a systematic review and biomarker-specific meta-analysis.
Researchers analyzed 60 studies and found that people who completely switched from cigarettes to e-cigarettes showed substantially reduced levels of harmful toxins in their bodies—reductions ranging from 61% to 92% depending on the specific toxin measured. However, the authors emphasize these findings show reduced exposure to measured toxins, not proof of reduced disease risk or long-term safety.
Relevance to India: None stated.