Cancer Screening Adherence in the United States by Smoking and Vaping Status, 2023.
A US study found that cigarette smokers are significantly less likely to get screened for colorectal, breast, cervical, and prostate cancers compared to non-smokers. Vaping showed mixed associations with screening rates that differed by gender and smoking history, but smoking remained the strongest barrier to cancer screening across all types.
Relevance to India: None stated.